Chap+4++Interrelated+Scientific+Principles;++Matters,+Energy,+&+Environment

True or False: Correlation implies causation.



(False!)

Elements of the scientific method: -Observation of topic -idenfication of questions -forming and testing a hypothesis -an open mind, when consulting new information and ideas, but a willingness to challenge them as well.

Observation- Use ALL FIVE SENSES. or six. whatever.

Laws & Theories... what is the difference, anyway?

Theory = a reasonable, generally accepted reason for why something happens. Ex: Kinetic Molecular Theory (all matter made up of moving particles... small ones. wicked tiny guys) Scientific Law = a uniform CONSTANT fact that describes what happens. Ex: Law of conservation of mass (matter not lost or gained during a chemical reaction)

Communication is vital in scientific work, as a discovery is rarely made my a single person: Gallileo had Kopernicus, Watson had Franklin and Crick.

What is pseudoscience? (video)

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The science he was talking was fake, but that hair sure was the real thing.



Matter: Everything ever seen, touched, tasted or smelled ever is made of matter. The smallest, but most integral particle of matter is the atom.

Atoms consist of a proton (+) and neutron (=) nucleus, and an electron (-) shell.

Ions = charged particles

Compound = when atoms or ions are chemically bonded

No, this gold did not come from Lil' Wayne's mouth.

Acid: any compound that releases positively charged hydrogen ions Base: any compound that accepts positiveley charged hydrogen ions

pH is the measure of acidity:--

Chemical Bonds occur when the outer electrons of atoms are attracted to each other, and therfore bond together.

If the resulting compound has less chemical energy than before (when the atoms were singular) the excess energy is released (light, heat etc) and the reaction is EXOTHERMIC

If the resulting compound has more chemical energy, the reaction is endothermic, and an energy source is required.

A few definitions...(mostly review)
 * activation energy:** the initial input of energy required to get a reaction started.
 * catalyst:** a substance that alters the rate of a reaction. (Note that the catalyst itself is not consumed or altered in the process)
 * enzymes:** protein molecules that reduce the activation energy needed to start reactions (they regulate chemical reactions).
 * photosynthesis:** the process plants use to convert inorganic material into organic matter, with the assistance of light energy. If you don't know this by now, just quit science.
 * respiration:** involves the use of atmospheric oxygen to break down large, organic molecules into smaller, inorganic molecules. It releases energy that the organisms can use.

ENERGY YAY!
Energy is the ability to do work! Kinetic energy is contained by moving objects, while potential energy is the energy matter has due to its position. The amount of kinetic energy in the molecules determines how rapidly they move. (Molecules are slow in solids, medium in liquids, and speedy in gases.)

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Energy can netiher be created nor destroyed. (Duh.) It can only be changed from one form into another. Interesting!

THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is lost. This lost energy is called ENTROPY! ***When energy is converted from one form to another, it doesn't lose ALL of it's energy, just some of the useful stuff.

There are forms of energy that are very useful, some that are kind of useful, and some that are just plain worthless.

ALL ORGANISMS are in the process of converting high-quality energy into low-quality energy.

Energy Conversion = (pollution)

QUESTIONS:

What kind of reactions (endo/exo) are occuring at the poles of our planet? (Think penguin slides)

Why is it so important that scientists share data and work together? It is important for scientists to share data and to work together in order to achieve much more. A lone wolf can't hunt more than a pack, as is it with scientists. Sharing data allows new ideas to surface and theories to be proven or disproven. A single scientist could get stuck on one problem for years while an other could solve it in a day. Without cooperation we'd still be in the stone age (ok maybe the bronze age). List 3 examples of daily pseudoscience: 3 examples of pseudoscience: - Astrology (who reads their horoscopes anymore?) -Parapsychology (talking to dead individuals using 'scientific methods') - Faith healing (though some scientists say that it is a kind of a placebo effect) What makes hydrogen ions so special in terms of pH? Why hydrogen ions, and not, say, gold ions? Hydrogen ions are especially reactive and common. When they are in high or low concentrations in a solution they actively react with anything they can (which is most things). This makes acids or bases corrosive. Any other ions would not be so reactive and essentially do nothing. What is the difference between sensible heat transfer and latent heat transfer? Sensible heat transfer can be measured by observing the temperature, while latent heat transfer is the exchange of heat in phase changes that doesn't really change the temperature. Explain why there is dissipated heat throughout our universe. Heat is a useless form of energy. As reactions occur it is given off as a by product but seeing as there is no way to harness it or convert it back to useful energy it just hangs there. Not all of the energy can be used. It's just lost as heat... entropy. It just creates disorder, and just kinda stays out there. This phenomenon is observable here on Earth. ONly 10% of the energy from the sun is actually used; the rest is lost as heat.